Pokie is the Australian version of the Poker that one plays in the US. Australians love their Pokie and plays it as often as they can whenever they are in a bar or a restaurant or just plain walking about spending time on their own.
Among the many companies which makes pokies one company has stood out with their innovativeness and the sheer variety of their games and the quality of the graphics and the innovativeness of the games. Aristocrat has been making Pokies since 1953. Their work was noticed and appreciated much later though in 1980. Aristocrat is also credited for designing and developing the state of the art Pokies which are now responsible for giving Australian Pokies the standard that they enjoy. Australians loves to play aristocrat pokies online just like a fish takes to water.
Aristocrat pokie machines along with their online versions are now being exported worldwide. Australian aristocrat poker machines are an instant hit in the western markets and provide a great sense of pride to an average pokie loving Australian.
Aristocrat has been making Pokies on Hollywood blockbuster movies and comic book super heroes for a long time now. One of the most popular aristocrat pokies created for the online customer is from the Hollywood movie Cleopatra. The Queen of the Nile, pokie is a wonderfully themed online pokie that has been mesmerizing online players for a long time now. This game is styled on the days when the Pharaohs ruled Egypt and takes us back to thousands of years down the lanes of history to an amazing place. Exciting theme which is carefully crafted using stunning graphics and exciting sound effects for a truly amazing gaming experience. With everything associated with this game dating back to thousands of years, expect hieroglyphic symbols, images of queens and pharaohs and exciting other graphics woo you all the way for a tantalizing gaming experience. Cleopatra queen of the Nile is an online pokie which has one of the highest payout ratios. The whole idea of the game is to earn jackpots and bonuses from the stunning Cleopatra. Cleopatra queen of the Nile has 15 combinations of paylines and the best option is to bet on is 5 paylines. The objective of the game is to land 5 Cleopatra symbols on one of the paylines that you bet which pays ten thousand coins as a jackpot. The other option is to land 5 scarab symbols which pays about two thousand coins as a jackpot.
The 50 lions game was developed and released in 2003. It is another stunning Aristocrat online pokie. The game has a huge 50 paylines that can offer up to two thousands ways of winning cash. The best thing is one needs to have only two matching symbols to start winning. The 50 lions game has a jungle safari theme complete with exquisitely designed symbols of jungle flowers, animals and the Masai. The game has been a huge hit among Australian online Pokie players and it has recently been also launched into the international market as well.
Aristocrat pokies are also downloadable from the internet like the Witchy Wins Slot, which is 20 payline 5 reel pokie. Games would use the aristocrat pokies download option to download their favorite pokie and play them offline. The sheer popularity of the Aristocrat pokies have lead to many online casinos now keeping their pokies as a must feature.
Clay tends to stick together and feels like a sticky plastic ball. Drainage and aeration is poor, but, do not despair, there is a way to improved soil, where particles are loosened into crumbs which improves airspace and drainage.
Break up the clay as best you can using a garden spade/fork or maybe even a pickaxe. I found that by adding gypsum was extremely beneficial in improving the clay soil. Approximately 1kg of gypsum to every square metre of top soil. Add in some organic matter which is animal manure/compost/ash/sawdust etc, (Tip: do not use potting mix) at a rate of around a third organic matter to around two thirds of the existing clay soil. Cultivate this topsoil as well as you can (about 15-20cm in depth). Leave a day or two before planting, then water your plants in well.
It is very important to mulch to stop the surface from caking. I prefer to use sugar cane mulch as it is inexpensive and when it breaks down it helps to improve the soil, but realistically any mulch is beneficial to any type of soil.
Finally, do not give up on your clay soil. Keep topping up with organic matter (animal manure/compost etc) and gypsum or with liquid fertilizers and clay breaker, preferably on a yearly basis and you will be reaping the benefits for years to come.
Yes, you can grow just about anything in clay soil from Australian Natives to beautiful flourishing roses.
I just want to share my experiences with people that are just starting out like me by offering handy down to earth practical advice. When we started on the landscaping (is it ever finished ?!) we got lots of advise from different people "you will never be able to grow anything" to "you can grow just about anything in clay soil". I am finding out that you can grow just about anything in clay soil with just a little know how.
About the Author
Just A Little About Me
I am not an expert gardener by any means. My husband and I bought and built a house on a large parcel of land in suburbia, Brisbane, Queensland in 2007. We are pretty lucky to have just over 1700sqm of land which our two dogs absolutely love.
We both work full time and needed the garden to be pretty hardy. When someone gives me a plant or cutting and says to me “you can’t kill it” or “it’s hardy…will grow anywhere”, I tend to groan inwardly because they are the last words I want to hear because chances are I will ! Just ask my husband !
I just want to share my experiences with people that are just starting out like me by offering handy down to earth practical advice. When we started on the landscaping (is it ever finished ?!) we got lots of advise from different people “you will never be able to grow anything” to “you can grow just about anything in clay soil”. I am finding out that you can grow just about anything in clay soil with just a little know how.
Anyway, I really hope you enjoy my blurb and come back to visit again soon. For all you expert gardeners out there all tips and hints are greatly appreciated.
Happy pottering everyone .
For what to plant in clay soils please visit www.gardenstoreonline.info .
Why do we find polar bears only in the Arctic and penguins only in the Antarctic? Why are marsupials found only in Australia and South America? In a book that Science News called "fascinating and revelatory," Dennis McCarthy tells a story tha...
A nasty little Irish goblin named Gibblewort gets sick of the rain in Ireland and moves to sunny Australia, but his good time there starts to go wrong when he meets the local plants and animals.
Describes the landscapes, plants, animals, history, and current conditions and ways of life of the continent of Australia and the islands of the Pacific.
Provides an overview of Australia, discussing such topics as its geography, history, government, indigenous peoples, plants and animals, holidays, and symbols.
History Of Portsmouth - England, Its Famous People And Events
The history of Portsmouth is entwined with the history of Her Majesty's Naval Base Portsmouth which extends almost two thousand years. The time when the Romans first recognized its strategic significance and built the fort "Portus Adurni", and now the home to 80% of the Royal Navy's surface fleet.
As so many Famous events and People were Born, Lived and worked in Portsmouth over the centuries I thought it would be a good idea to tell its story and some of the famous people's history.
Mrs Duncan the last Women to be tried as a Witch - England 1944
The last person to be tried as a witch was a Mrs Duncan, a Scotswoman who travelled the country holding seances, was one of Britain's best-known mediums, reputedly numbering Winston Churchill and George VI among her clients, when she was arrested in January 1944 by two naval officers at a seance in Portsmouth. The military authorities, secretly preparing for the D-day landings and then in a heightened state of paranoia, were alarmed by reports that she had disclosed - allegedly via contacts with the spirit world - the sinking of two British battleships long before they became public. The most serious disclosure came when she told the parents of a missing sailor that his ship, HMS Barham, had sunk. It was true, but news of the tragedy had been suppressed to preserve morale.
Desperate to silence the apparent leak of state secrets, the authorities charged Mrs Duncan with conspiracy, fraud, and with witchcraft under an act dating back to 1735 - the first such charge in over a century. At the trial, only the "black magic" allegations stuck, and she was jailed for nine months at Holloway women's prison in north London. Churchill, then prime minister, visited her in prison and denounced her conviction as "tomfoolery". In 1951, he repealed the 200-year-old act, but her conviction stood.
Wymering Manor House – The Most Haunted House in England.
As I am from Portsmouth, England I thought it may be of interest to write about the oldest house in Portsmouth dated from 1042 AD which is also the most haunted house in England called Wymering Manor House.
Although most of the current structure dates back to the 16th century, the manor goes back much further. Records show the first owner of Wymering Manor was King Edward the Confessor in 1042 and then after the Battle of Hastings it fell into the hands of King William the Conqueror until 1084. The house has been altered and renovated continually over the centuries, yet remarkably it has retained materials dating back to medieval and even ancient Roman times.
Having changed ownership many times over these hundreds of years, the property was eventually adopted by the Portsmouth City Council, then sold for a short time to a private organization for development into a hotel. When the development fell though, the property reverted to the council, which has again put it up for auction.
Once a country manor, the structure is now surrounded by modern houses. And when it was saved from demolition and used as a youth hostel, many areas of the building were "modernized" and have an unfortunate, institutional feel.
With this rich history it's no surprise perhaps that Wymering Manor should be haunted.
Below are some of the Ghosts that haunt Wymering Manor:
The Lady in the Violet Dress. When Mr. Thomas Parr lived at Wymering Manor, he awoke one night to the sight of an apparition standing at the foot of his bed. It was his cousin, who had died in 1917. Dressed in a full-length violet-coloured dress, the spirit spoke to him in a friendly and matter-of-fact manner, telling him of her recent religious experiences and about other deceased family members. Suddenly the ghost said, "Well, Tommy dear, I must leave you now as we are waiting to receive Aunt Em." In the morning, Parr received a telegram with the news that his Aunt Em had died during the night.
The Blue Room. An elderly relative of Thomas Parr, who was staying in the "Blue Room," was careful always to lock her door at night, as she feared break-ins by burglars. One morning she was surprised to find her door unlocked and open.
The Choir of Nuns. Mr. Leonard Metcalf, an occupant of the house who died in 1958, said he occasionally saw a choir of nuns crossing the manor's hall at midnight. They were chanting, he claimed, to the clear sound of music. His family never believed his story as they didn't know - and neither did Mr. Metcalf - that nuns from the Sisterhood of Saint Mary the Virgin visited the house in the mid-1800s.
The Panelled Room. The so-called "Panelled Room" may be the manor's most dreaded. The Panelled Room served as a bedroom in the manor's south east corner, and as Metcalf was using the washbasin one day, he was startled by the distinct feeling of a hand on his shoulder. He turned quickly to find no one there. Others have felt an oppressive air in this room, instilling a strong feeling to flee. When the building served as the youth hostel, its warden and wife expressed an unexplained fear of the room.
Other Paranormal occurrences reported at the manor include visitors who claim to have heard the whispers of children, spotted strange apparitions and seen items in the manor move of their own accord. Dramatic drops in temperature and accounts of unusual or intimidating 'spirit energies' have also been reported. Film and video footage has captured both orbs and other strange light anomalies.
Peter Sellers – English Comic Actor
Often credited as the greatest comedian of all time, Peter Sellers was born to a well-off English acting family in Southsea, Portsmouth, England in 1925. His mother and father worked in an acting company run by his grandmother. As a child, Sellers was spoiled, as his parents' first child had died at birth. He enlisted in the Royal Air Force and served during World War II. After the war he met Spike Milligan, Harry Secombe and Michael Bentine who would become his future workmates on the BBC Radio Show "The Goon Show".
Thomas Telford British Engineer (1757-1834)
Thomas Telford was a famous engineer who built many Iron bridges.
In 1784 he found work at Portsmouth dockyard and - although still largely self-taught - was extending his talents to the specification, design and management of building projects.
Buckingham, George Villiers, 1st duke of (vil'yurz, bŭk'ing-um) [key], 1592–1628, English courtier and royal favorite.
While organizing a second campaign he was stabbed and killed at Portsmouth on August 23, 1628 by John Felton, an army officer who had been wounded in the earlier military adventure. Felton was hanged in November and Buckingham was buried in Westminster Abbey. His tomb bears a Latin inscription translating: "The Enigma of the World" and was also one of the most rewarded royal courtiers in all history.
The romantic aspects of the duke's career figure largely in Alexander Dumas's historical novel, The Three Musketeers. The Duke of Buckingham died leaving his wife Katherine Manners, their daughter Mary and son George, 1628.
Admiral Lord George Anson ( April 23rd. 1697 - 1762 ) George Anson, 1st Baron Anson was a British admiral and a wealthy aristocrat, noted for his circumnavigation of the globe. Sailed around the world between 1740-1744 on HMS Centurion and brought back 500,000 pounds sterling value of Gold ( Equivalent in todays money 250 Million Pounds!!) as Booty from the Spanish in South America.
Jonas Hanway (1712-1786) Born in Portsmouth & Pioneer of Umbrella.
English traveler and philanthropist, was born at Portsmouth in 1712. While still a child, his father, a victualer, died, and the family moved to London. In 172 9 Jonas was apprenticed to a merchant in Lisbon. In 1 743, after he had been some time in business for himself in London, he became a partner with Mr Dingley, a merchant in St Petersburg, and in this way was led to travel in Russia and Persia. Leaving St Petersburg on the 10th of September 1743, and passing south by Moscow, Tsaritsyn and Astrakhan, he embarked on the Caspian on the 22nd of November, and arrived at Astrabad on the 18th of December. Here his goods were seized by Mohammad Hassan Beg, and it was only after great privations that he reached the camp of Nadir Shah, under whose protection he recovered most (85%) of his property. His return journey was embarrassed by sickness (at Resht), by attacks from pirates, and by six weeks' quarantine; and he only reappeared at St Petersburg on the 1st of January 1745.
Lord Admiral Nelson ( 1758-1805 ) ( Nelson and his mistress Emma lived for a time in Portsmouth ) Vice-Admiral Horatio Nelson, 1st Viscount Nelson, KB (29 September 1758 – 21 October 1805) was a British admiral famous for his participation in the Napoleonic Wars, most notably in the Battle of Trafalgar, a decisive British victory in the war, during which he lost his life.[1] Nelson was noted for his considerable ability to inspire and bring out the best in his men, to the point that it gained a name: "The Nelson Touch". His actions during these wars meant that before and after his death he was revered like few military figures have been throughout British history.
During the 18th century, even though he had been married for some time, Nelson became famous for his love affair with Emma, Lady Hamilton, the wife of the British Ambassador to Naples and she became Nelson's mistress, returning to the United Kingdom to live openly with him, and eventually they had a daughter, Horatia. It was the public knowledge of this affair that induced the Navy to send Nelson back out to sea after he had been recalled. By his death in 1805 Nelson had become a national hero, and he was given a State Funeral. To this day his memory lives on in numerous monuments, the most notable of which is London's Nelson's Column, which stands in the centre of Trafalgar Square.
John Pounds (1766-1839) John Pounds was born in Portsmouth on 17th June 1766. His father was a sawyer in the royal dockyard and when was twelve years old, his father arranged for him to be apprenticed as a shipwright. Three years later John fell into a dry dock and was crippled for life.
Unable to work as a shipwright, John became a shoemaker and by 1803 had his own shop in St. Mary Street, Portsmouth. While working in the shop, John began teaching local children how to read. His reputation as a teacher grew and he soon had over 40 pupils attending his lessons. Unlike other schools, John did not charge a fee for teaching the poor of Portsmouth. As well as reading and arithmetic, John gave lessons in cooking, carpentry and shoe making. John Pounds died in 1839.
Charles Dickens was born in Landport, Portsmouth in Hampshire, the second of eight children to John Dickens (1786–1851), a clerk in the Navy Pay Office at Portsmouth, and his wife Elizabeth Dickens (née Barrow, 1789–1863) on February 7, 1812. When he was five, the family moved to Chatham, Kent. In 1822, when he was ten, the family relocated to 16 Bayham Street, Camden Town in London.
Charles Dickens published over a dozen major novels, a large number of short stories (including a number of Christmas-themed stories), a handful of plays, and several nonfiction books. Dickens's novels were initially serialised in weekly and monthly magazines, then reprinted in standard book formats. The travelling shows were extremely popular and, after three tours of British Isles, Dickens gave his first public reading in the United States at a New York City theatre on 2 December 1867.
On 9 June 1870, he died at home at Gad's Hill Place after suffering a stroke, after a full, interesting and varied life. He was mourned by all his readers.
Jeremiah Chubb (1793-1860) and Charles Chubb (1779-1846) Both brothers lived and worked in Portsmouth & are Famous Chubb Locksmiths.
The name of Chubb is famous in the lock world for the invention of the detector lock and for the production of high quality lever locks of outstanding security during a period of 140 years. The detector lock was patented in 1818 by Jeremiah Chubb of Portsmouth, England, who gained the reward offered by the Government for a lock which could not be opened by any but its own key. It is recorded that, after the appearance of this detector lock, a convict on board one of the prison ships at Portsmouth Dockyard, who was by profession a lockmaker, ad had been employed in London in making and repairing locks, asserted that he had picked with ease some of the best locks, and that he could pick Chubb's lock with equal facility. Improvements in the lock were subsequently made under various patents by Jeremiah Chubb and his brother Charles.
Isambard Kingdom Brunel ( 1806-1859 ) Brunel, perhaps, was the most prodigious Engineer of his time and many of his works, which challenged and inspired his colleagues during this period, have survived to our own time and some are still in use.
He was born in 1806, the son of a distinguished French engineer, Sir Marc Brunel, who had come to England at the time of the French Revolution. Unlike most engineers of the time, Isambard Brunel received a sound education and practical training - partly in France - before entering his father's office and taking full charge of the Thames Tunnel at Rotherhithe when he was only 20.
At the age of 26, he was appointed Engineer to the newly-formed Great Western Railway and acted with characteristic boldness and energy. His great civil engineering works on the line between London and Bristol, are used by today's high-speed trains and bear witness to his genius He eventually engineered over 1,200 miles of railway, including lines in Ireland, Italy and Bengal. Each of his three ships represented a major step forward in naval architecture.
Brunel's other works included docks, viaducts, tunnels and buildings and the remarkable prefabricated hospital, with its air-conditioning and drainage systems for use in the Crimean War. Inevitably, in such a prolific career, there were setbacks and disappointments such as the atmospheric railway but he readily admitted his mistakes. Indeed he himself suffered financially by supporting his ventures with his own money.
Brunel suffered several years of ill health, with kidney problems, before succumbing to a stroke at the age of 53. Brunel was said to smoke up to 40 cigars a day and to sleep as few as four hours each night. Charles Dickens (1812-1870)
George Meredith (1828-1909) Famous Novelist & Poet who was born in Portsmouth. Contributed poems to various periodicals; an associate of the Pre-Raphaelite group around Dante Gabriel Rossetti and Algernon Swinburne; published the poem Modern Love 1862; author of several novels including Diana of the Crossways 1885, which first brought him popular acclaim.
George Vicat Cole (1833-1893) George Vicat Cole (usually known as Vicat Cole) was an important landscape painter working in the mid-19th century. In keeping with the realist mood of that period, he painted naturalistic English landscape scenes, without attempting deeper meanings or looking for rustic ideals. His speciality was the effect of atmosphere and light.
Cole was born in Portsmouth, and trained in the studio of his father George Cole (1810-1883), an eminent painter of landscapes, animals and portraits who rose as far as the Vice-Presidency of the Society of British Artists. As a young man, Cole copied prints of works of Turner, Constable and Cox, and the paintings of these men had a strong influence on him.
Lionel William Wylie (1851-1931)
Famous Marine Artist who Lived and died in Portsmouth. Wylie was born into a family of artists in 1851. The rather bohemian family spent their summers on the coast of northern France. Wylie recalled the journey by steamer down the crowded Thames from London on their way to Boulogne. When he was about 12 he went to art school in London, and in 1866 he started at the Royal Academy School. In 1869 he won the Turner Gold Medal for landscape. In 1870 one of the first pictures he exhibited at the Royal Academy was London from the Monument, a panoramic view of the city and the river and he began working as an illustrator of maritime subjects for The Graphic magazine. He had to reproduce detail accurately in black and white, and this discipline probably influenced him when he began making etchings in the early 1880s. Wyllie's first known etching, made in 1884, is Toil, glitter, grime and wealth on a flowing tide. It was commissioned by the print publisher Robert Dunthorne. Wyllie's Thames pictures led him to be elected an Associate of the Royal Academy in 1889. By 1907, when he became a Royal Academician, he had moved to a house at the entrance of Portsmouth Harbour. He had largely turned to painting naval and historical subjects. Nevertheless, he continued to make prints of London and the Thames to the end of his life.
Sir Arthur Conan Doyle ( 1859-1930 )
Arthur Ignatius Conan Doyle was born on May 22, 1859, in Edinburgh, Scotland. The Doyles were a prosperous Irish-Catholic family, who had a prominent position in the world of Art. Charles Altamont Doyle, Arthur's father, a chronic alcoholic, was the only member of his family, who apart from fathering a brilliant son, never accomplished anything of note. At the age of twenty-two, Charles had married Mary Foley, a vivacious and very well educated young woman of seventeen. Mary Doyle had a passion for books and was a master storyteller. Her son Arthur wrote of his mother's gift of "sinking her voice to a horror-stricken whisper" when she reached the culminating point of a story. There was little money in the family and even less harmony on account of his father's excesses and erratic behavior. Arthur's touching description of his mother's beneficial influence is also poignantly described in his biography, "In my early childhood, as far as I can remember anything at all, the vivid stories she would tell me stand out so clearly that they obscure the real facts of my life." After Arthur reached his ninth birthday, the wealthy members of the Doyle family offered to pay for his studies. He was in tears all the way to England, where for seven years he had to go to a Jesuit boarding school. Arthur loathed the bigotry surrounding his studies and rebelled at corporal punishment, which was prevalent and incredibly brutal in most English schools of that epoch. During those grueling years, Arthur's only moments of happiness were when he wrote to his mother, a regular habit that lasted for the rest of her life, and also when he practiced sports, mainly cricket, at which he was very good.
The young medical student met a number of future authors who were also attending the university, such as for instance James Barrie and Robert Louis Stevenson. But the man who most impressed and influenced him, was without a doubt, one of his teachers, Dr. Joseph Bell. The good doctor was a master at observation, logic, deduction, and diagnosis. All these qualities were later to be found in the persona of the celebrated detective Sherlock Holmes. A couple of years into his studies, Arthur decided to try his pen at writing a short story. Although the result called The Mystery of Sasassa Valley was very evocative of the works of Edgar Alan Poe and Bret Harte, his favorite authors at the time, it was accepted in an Edinburgh magazine called Chamber's Journal, which had published Thomas Hardy's first work. Dr. Arthur Conan Doyle's first gainful employment after his graduation was as a medical officer on the steamer Mayumba, a battered old vessel navigating between Liverpool and the west coast of Africa. Unfortunately he found Africa as detestable as he had found the Arctic seductive, so he gave-up that position as soon as the boat landed back in England. Then came a short but quite dramatic stint with an unscrupulous doctor in Plymouth of which Conan Doyle gave a vivid account of forty years later in The Stark Munro Letters. After that debacle, and on the verge of bankruptcy, Conan Doyle left for Portsmouth, to open his first practice. He rented a house but was only able to furnish the two rooms his patients would see. The rest of the house was almost bare and his practice was off to a rocky start. But he was compassionate and hard working, so that by the end of the third year, his practice started to earn him a comfortable income.
Sir Arthur Conan Doyle also became one of the first goalkeepers of Portsmouth Football club in the 1880s. Arthur Conan Doyle died on Monday, July 7, 1930, surrounded by his family. His last words before departing for "the greatest and most glorious adventure of all," were addressed to his wife. He whispered, "You are wonderful."
Rudyard Kipling (1865-1936)
Famous Author who lived & Schooled in Portsmouth. Kipling's days of "strong light and darkness" in Bombay were to end when he was six years old. As was the custom in British India, he and his three-year-old sister, Alice ("Trix"), were taken to England—in their case to Southsea (Portsmouth), to be cared for by a couple that took in children of British nationals living in India. The two children would live with the couple, Captain and Mrs. Holloway, at their house, Lorne Lodge, for the next six years. In his autobiography, written some 65 years later, Kipling would recall this time with horror, and wonder ironically if the combination of cruelty and neglect he experienced there at the hands of Mrs. Holloway might not have hastened the onset of his literary life. Kipling kept writing until the early 1930s, but at a slower pace and with much less success than before. He died of a hemorrhage from a perforated duodenal ulcer on 18 January 1936, two days before George V, at the age of 70.
Herbert George Wells (1866 – 1946), known as H.G. Wells
Was an English writer best known for such science fiction novels as The Time Machine, The War of the Worlds, The Invisible Man, The First Men in the Moon and The Island of Doctor Moreau. He was a prolific writer of both fiction and non-fiction, and produced works in many different genres, including contemporary novels, history, and social commentary. He was also an outspoken socialist. His later works become increasingly political and didactic, and only his early science fiction novels are widely read today. Both Wells and Jules Verne are sometimes referred to as "The Father of Science Fiction".
No longer able to support themselves financially, the family instead sought to place their boys as apprentices to various professions. From 1881 to 1883 Wells had an unhappy apprenticeship as a draper at the Southsea Drapery Emporium. His experiences were later used as inspiration for his novels The Wheels of Chance and Kipps, which describe the life of a draper's apprentice as well as being a critique of the world's distribution of wealth.
In 1883, Wells's employer dismissed him, claiming to be dissatisfied with him. The young man was reportedly not displeased with this ending to his apprenticeship. Later that year, he became an assistant teacher at Midhurst Grammar School, in West Sussex (teaching students such as A.A. Milne, until he won a scholarship to the Normal School of Science (later the Royal College of Science, now part of Imperial College London), studying biology under T. H. Huxley. As an alumnus, he later helped to set up the Royal College of Science Association, of which he became the first president in 1909.
Neville Shute (1899-1960) Famous Author/Aero-Engineer who worked in Portsmouth. Born in Somerset Road, Ealing, London, he was educated at the Dragon School, Shrewsbury School and Balliol College, Oxford. Shute's father, Arthur Hamilton Norway, was the head of the post office in Dublin in 1916 and Shute was commended for his role as a stretcher bearer during the Easter Rising. Shute attended the Royal Military Academy, Woolwich but because of his stammer was unable to take up a commission in the Royal Flying Corps, instead serving in World War I as a soldier in the Suffolk Regiment. An aeronautical engineer as well as a pilot, he began his engineering career with de Havilland Aircraft Company but, dissatisfied with the lack of opportunities for advancement, took a position in 1924 with Vickers Ltd., where he was involved with the development of airships. Shute worked as Chief Calculator (stress engineer) on the R100 Airship project for the subsidiary Airship Guarantee Company. In 1929, he was promoted to Deputy Chief Engineer of the R100 project under Sir Barnes Wallis.
Sir Walter Besant 14/08/1836 to 9/06/1901 Famous Novelist/Scientist and historian from London. His sister-in-law was Annie Besant. The son of a merchant, he was born at Portsmouth, Hampshire and attended school at St Paul's, Southsea, Stockwell Grammar, London and King's College London. In 1855, he was admitted as a pensioner to Christ's College, Cambridge, where he graduated in 1859 as 18th wrangler. After a year as Mathematical Master at Rossall School, Fleetwood, Lancashire and a year at Leamington College, he spent 6 years as professor of mathematics at the Royal College, Mauritius. A breakdown in health compelled him to resign, and he returned to England and settled in London in 1867. He took the duties of Secretary to the Palestine Exploration Fund, which he held 1868–85. In 1871, he was admitted to Lincoln's Inn.
Besant was a Freemason, serving as Master Mason in the Marquis of Dalhousie Lodge, London from 1873. He conceived the idea of a Masonic research lodge, the Quatuor Coronati Lodge of which he was first treasurer from 1886.
Sir Alec Rose (13 July 1908 - 11 January 1991) Was a nursery owner and fruit merchant in Portsmouth England who had a passion for amateur single-handed sailing, for which he was ultimately knighted.
Alec Rose was born in Canterbury. During World War II he served in the British Navy as a diesel mechanic on a convoy escort, the HMS Leith. In 1964, Rose participated in the second single-handed transatlantic race, placing fourth across the line in his 36 foot cutter Lively Lady, originally built of paduak by Mr. Cambridge, the previous owner, in Calcutta.
Rose then modified the boat, including the addition of a mizzenmast, to sail single-handed around the world. He attempted to start this journey at2 approximately the same time as Francis Chichester sailing Gypsy Moth IV in 1966, but a series of misfortunes delayed Rose's departure until the following year. The journey was closely followed by the British and international press, and culminated in his successful return in Portsmouth on July 4, 1968, 354 days later, to cheering crowds of hundreds of thousands. The following day he was knighted by Queen Elizabeth II, and nine days later he turned 60 years old. His voyages are detailed in his book "My Lively Lady."
On 17 December 1967, the then Australian Prime Minister, Harold Holt, drove with some family members to Port Phillip Heads, south of Melbourne, to view Rose complete this leg of his voyage. Holt then went for a swim at nearby Cheviot Beach, but the surf was rough, he disappeared from view, and was presumed to have drowned.
Callaghan of Cardiff,Leonard James Callaghan,Baron,(1912-2005) Born and Schooled in Portsmouth.
British statesman. He was first elected to Parliament as a Labour member in 1945. As chancellor of the exchequer (1964–67), he introduced extremely controversial taxation policies, including employment taxes; he resigned when he was forced to accept devaluation of the pound. Prime Minister Harold Wilson Wilson, Harold (James Harold Wilson, Baron Wilson of Rievaulx), 1916–95, British statesman. A graduate of Oxford, he became an economics lecturer there (1937) and a fellow of University College (1938).
Callaghan served as foreign secretary (1974–76). He succeeded Wilson when the latter resigned as prime minister in 1976. Callaghan was by nature a moderate man, but his government was plagued by inflation, unemployment, and its inability to restrain trade unions' wage demands, and foundered after a series of paralyzing labor strikes in the winter of 1978–79. In the elections later in 1979, the Labour party lost to the Conservatives, led by Margaret Thatcher, Margaret Hilda Roberts Thatcher, Baroness, 1925–, British political leader.
Portsmouth Football Club ( Pompey )
Portsmouth F.C. was founded in the back garden of 12 High Street, Old Portsmouth on 5th April 1898 with John Brickwood, owner of the local Brickwoods Brewery as chairman and Frank Brettell as the club's first manager. Portsmouth F.C. is an English football club based in the city of Portsmouth. The city and hence the club are nicknamed Pompey and sometimes called 'The Blues', with fans known across Europe. Pompey were early participants in the Southern League, One of their first Goalkeepers Pre -1898 was Arthur Conan Doyle the author of Sherlock Holmes.
The club joined the Southern League in 1898 and their first league match was played at Chatham Town on 2nd September 1899 (a 1–0 victory), followed three days later by the first match at Fratton Park, a friendly against local rivals Southampton, which was won 2–0, with goals from Dan Cunliffe (formerly with Liverpool) and Harold Clarke (formerly with Everton.
That first season was hugely successful, with the club winning 20 out of 28 league matches, earning them the runner-up spot in the league. During 1910-11 saw Portsmouth relegated, but with the recruitment of Robert Brown as manager the team were promoted the following season.
The team play in the Football League Championship after being relegated from the Premier League after the 2009/10 season. Until then, Portsmouth had been a member of the Premier League for seven consecutive seasons.
Portsmouth's debut season in the English First Division was during the 1920's that alas, turned out to be a difficult one. However, despite disappointing league form the club fought off stiff competition to reach the FA Cup final closely losing out to Bolton Wanderers.
Having solidified their position in the top flight, the 1938-1939 season saw Portsmouth again reach the FA Cup final. This time Portsmouth were successful beating Wolves in a convincing 4-1 win. The club had secured their first major trophy.
After the end of World War Two league football began again and Portsmouth quickly proved to the footballing masses that they were a team to be reckoned with, lifting the League title in 1949 season. The club then crowned this achievement by retaining the title the following year 1950 and becoming only one of five English teams to have won back to back championships since World War Two.
Portsmouth was the first club to hold a floodlit Football League match when they played Newcastle in 1956.
Finally under the management of Harry Redknapp Portsmouth were promoted into the Premier League and have held a solid place in the top flight since this date despite coming close to relegation a number of times.
Portsmouth went from strength to strength under the careful management of Harry Redknapp and a much-needed injection of cash. In the 2007-2008 season Portsmouth won the English F.A. Cup and qualified for the UEFA Cup qualification. They had proven themselves as a consistent and strong team.
Alas during the 2009-2010 season they had financial difficulties and were at the root of the Premier League because of there financial difficulties they were deducted 9 points due to going into Administration and subsequently relegated into the Championship league Division. The only bright part of the season was when they reached the F.A.Cup final in 2010 and lost to Chelsea.
Louis Wain 1860-1939 Funny Kittens and Animal Artist
I am an authority on Louis Wain 1860-1939 who was an artist of funny Cats, Kittens, Dogs, Horses, Pigs and Birds. He visited Portsmouth a few times duringing his lifetime.
Please visit my Funny Animal Art Prints Collection @ http://www.fabprints.com
My other website is called Directory of British Icons: http://fabprints.webs.com
The Chinese call Britain 'The Island of Hero's' which I think sums up what we British are all about. We British are inquisitive and competitive and are always looking over the horizon to the next adventure and discovery.
My family tree has been traced back to the early Kings of England from the 7th Century AD. I am also a direct descendent of Sir Christopher Wren which has given me an interest in English History which is great fun to research.
I have recently decided to write articles on my favourite subjects: English Sports, English History, English Icons, English Discoveries and English Inventions. At present I have written over 100 articles which I call "An Englishman's Favourite Bits Of England" in various Volumes.
Animal Identification: Identifying Livestock with RFID after a Disaster
Animal Identification is used for many purposes, like cattle disease traceability, herd management, age and source verification, and the list goes on. Using Radio Identification technology (RFID) adds value beyond its actual cost of the tag. RFID ear tags provide a wealth of secure individual identification, which is beneficial to cattle and livestock producers now and down the road.
Livestock-ID, is a blog that provides full resources for animal identification, with tips, articles, resources. The cattle producer dedicated blog also gives links to government rebates for livestock identification.
Herd Management:
The benefits of RFID in herd management, allows ranchers to verify individual livestock quickly, and since each tag is unique, there is no errors in the actual identify of an individual animal. Livestock can be grouped and identified quickly and easily with RFID readers.
Animal Disease Traceability:
This is one of the most crucial and required need for unique error free identification, since most livestock usually go to a feedlot or assembly yard before slaughter, this is the most likely place for animal disease testing. Being able to have the actual identity of that animal, along with a complete historic trace of the animal movements is a prerequisite for health officials, RFID ear tags provides this essential requirement.
Natural Disaster:
In the event of a natural disaster, such as tornadoes, floods, and destruction, the need to identify animals is needed, with the ability to do so quickly, easily, and safely. The economic effect identification has on livestock is imperative to recover, retrieve and return cattle, sheep, and horses to its farm of origin. Only RFID tags have the ability to read the identification of an animal quickly, and search a national database for the original farm the animal belongs too.
A perfect example of a natural disaster is the events of Australia, and the cyclone that had hit the Queensland hard. Livestock-ID blog has a post outlining the actual method used by Australia in identifying cattle. Read Australian Cattle Recovery with RFID. the post shows how beneficial RFID is to the cattle industry and how the NLIS using its database to benefit cattle producers.
They say the best things in life are completely free—and true enough, finding free-of-charge activities in Australia will make you and your bank account truly happy. This will also allow you to spend more on your accommodation options.
Tasmania
The tiny island of Tasmania is inhabited by hundreds of flora and fauna. That information should already get your kids interested. What's more they can experience them completely for free. You can go to the art gallery and museum and discover the Tasmanian tigers. Stroll around the city centre and watch the old buildings constructed by the convicts and make a stop at Cataract George. Follow the many trails of Tassie. Some of them are easy and definitely perfect for the kids. End the hike or the bushwalk with a picnic on a lookout, which gives you a good view of the nearby towns and villages.
Australian Capital Territory
In ACT you will find Canberra, the capital of the country and thus the seat of politics. A tour here may include dropping by at the Parliament House and other historical buildings. Stroll along the lobby. Visit the Australian War Memorial to pay homage to those who have died preserving the battle and then proceed to the adjacent museum where majority of their memorabilia are being kept and preserved. Watch the flowers in their full bloom at Lake Burley Griffin. If you happen to be in town during springtime, you can wait for their festival, which means plenty of music and entertainment. Know the lives of the early settlers at Cockington Green village.
Gold Coast
Bring your kids to the fantastic beaches of Gold Coast where they can build sandcastles while you sunbake. At times water competitions are being held, and they're definitely worth watching. Check out the Gold Coast botanical gardens, window-shop in Pacific Fair, or explore the forests of Springbrook National Park. Drive all the way to the Hinterland and take a peek on the local galleries and animal farms. There are excellent tracks in the region, perfect for bushwalking or hiking.
Brisbane
As the cultural hub of Queensland, there are numerous parks and galleries that are open to the public for free, such as the Museum of Brisbane. You can also head to the nearest inner suburbs for countless trails for bushwalking and hiking. Your children may feel happy seeing the wonderful toys and arts and crafts at Queen Street Mall. Parks are abundant too. One of the most well-known free destinations in the area is the local botanical garden. Teach your kiddos a little bit of history and heritage about Brisbane by going to Brisbane City Hall and Ashgrove Baptist Church. Spend your afternoons at the Southbank Parklands. There are benches and picnic areas. The area also becomes livelier during special occasions.
Adelaide
The laid-back atmosphere of Adelaide will definitely appeal to both kids and parents as there's less pressure and fewer people. What's more, you can rent free bikes at Hurtle Square and tour around the city. Grab delicious chocolates and have a free tour in Haigh's.
About the Author
Enjoy the free entertainment all around Australia and splurge on the best rooms. Choose the most ideal <a href="http://www.bridgewaterterraces.com.au/">Brisbane accommodation</a> and <a href="http://www.paradisepalms.net.au/">Coffs Harbour accommodation</a>.
Fish killer 'snake head' scares biologists in Australia "Fishzilla"
Playful bold color and simple graphic animals make this wonderful design the perfect choice for a kids party at the zoo or in the jungle of your own backyard!
Australia is famous for its wonderful species of animals. The country is known for its collection of add and weird-looking animals such as Platypus and koalas. Here are some of the well-loved animals of Australia: Dingo – Dingo is a wild Australian dog that came from the oldest breeds of dogs. Dingoes are carnivore hunters that eat birds, lizards, rats, rabbits, kangaroos and farm animals. Though they obviously are not that well-loved, dingoes are still precious in Australia because they are already endangered among other countries. Emu – Emu is the world's second largest bird next to the ostrich. Emus are well-loved birds and animal species in Australia because they are flightless. The emu can be found in Aussie forests and deserts. They love to play with mud. Emus are very curious birds, though you can find them very timid. They eat fruits, forest herbs and roots of plants. These birds are being raised by farmers in which they can get low fat gourmet meat, oil, eggs and leather out of the bird. The emu oil is actually used in cosmetic products and in muscle or joint treatments. Kangaroo - Of course, when one talks about Australia, kangaroos will often be spoken of. Kangaroos are probably the well-loved animals in Australia because they are very friendly and hoppy. However, if a dog attacks the kangaroo, it can fight back. Kangaroos can be small or large depending on its breed and gender. The female kangaroo is the one that has the popular pouch where she carries her young, known as Joey. These animals have powerful legs that make them hop up to 9 meters in just a single leap. Koala – Another well-loves animal in Australia is the Koala. A lot of people mistake koala as a bear, but actually it is not. Their closest kind is the Wombat. The koalas look like bears because they look cute and cuddle. These animals climb trees and mostly seen in forests and deserts. Most koalas live in eucalyptus trees which is also their favorite food to eat. Fairy Penguin – Another cute and cuddle Aussie animal is the fairy penguin. You can find these along the coastlines of southern Australia. The penguins eat fish, which make them fish all throughout the day. Fairy penguins live in a maximum of seven years. Platypus – This is a well-loved yet weirdly-looking animal in Australia. The platypus has webbed feet with a duck bill and a beaver-like tail. Its weirdness is what makes this animal well-loved. They are very shy and only seen very seldom. These are some of the well-loved animals in Australia. Truly, this country is a heaven for the wilds and the distinct. About the Author
Ms. Pinky is a mom of 3 school children. She is a Systems Engineer, a Technology Researcher and an Independent Medical Billing and Coding Consultant. She and her family is well-traveled all over the world! Her blogs and websites focuses on stay-at-home moms, dads and students who wants to work at home, build homebased business http://www.momsworkathomeideas.com.
Visit her Interesting Site on Asian Travels and Destinations. Discover Asia's Culture and Great Food! at http://www.goingplacesinasia.com
SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY: THEIR RELATIONSHIP WITH LAW
SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY: THEIR RELATIONSHIP WITH LAW
The intellectual thinking of man, since time immemorial, has resulted in the development of science and technology. The principles of science and technology have developed in response to differing objects of interest. Science and technology have had a great impact on the way we live. Law has tried to regulate the use and abuse of science and the extent of its application. The major question however is whether we are well equipped with the laws to regulate the use of such technologies.
The subject Law, Science and Technology is of great relevance today when Courts have become ''activists'' and there has been a tremendous advance in science and technology. The need for sharpening the evidentiary techniques employed in Courts with the help of science and technology cannot be denied. At the same time, one has to be conscious of the limitations. The limitations of both science and the law and the need for both to join hands to strengthen the court-systems by legally admissible scientific evidence must be considered.
MEANING AND DEFINITIONS
v SCIENCE
The word "Science" comes from the Latin word scientia, meaning "knowledge" or "knowing". According to Webster's New Collegiate Dictionary, the definition of science is "knowledge attained through study or practice," or "knowledge covering general truths of the operation of general laws, esp. as obtained and tested through scientific method [and] concerned with the physical world."
In other words, science refers to a system of acquiring knowledge. This system uses observation and experimentation to describe and explain natural phenomena. The term science also refers to the organized body of knowledge that people have gained using that system. Less formally, the word science often describes any systematic field of study or the knowledge gained from it. Perhaps the most general description is that the purpose of science is to produce useful models of reality. Most scientific investigations use some form of the scientific method. Science as defined above is sometimes called pure science to differentiate it from applied science, which is the application of research to human needs. Fields of science are commonly classified along two major lines:
-Natural sciences, the study of the natural world, and
-Social sciences, the systematic study of human behavior and society.
v TECHNOLOGY
The word "technology" comes from the Greek word technologia, which means the systematic treatment of an art, form or skill or a manner of accomplishing a task especially using technical processes, methods or knowledge. In other words, the term technology refers to the application of science, especially to commercial or industrial objects.
v LAW
A rule of conduct established and enforced by the authority, legislation, or custom of a given community, State, or nation. In essence, law is the tangible and intangible context that links individuals to the community. In addition, it defines responsibilities of individuals to society as much as it defines and protects individual rights. In short, it is a pillar of good governance.
INTER-RELATIONSHIP OF SCIENCE AND LAW
Today''s high technology society forces the two professions (law and science) to interact in a wide array of cases. Legal disputes involving patents, product liability, environmental torts, regulatory proceedings and criminal cases are some fields of such interaction. Further, law and science encounter each other in the laboratory through a number of actions governing intellectual property, research misconduct, etc. The fact-finding agendas of the two disciplines have frequently begun to overlap, if not merge. Because there is a general lack of understanding of each culture, these interactions often lead to a cognitive friction that is both disturbing and costly to the society. Scientists are distrustful of the lawyers and legal proceedings and prefer not to venture into the courtroom. The scientific community that believes that its methods and procedures are above legal scrutiny and questioning often frustrates lawyers. Lawyers and scientists seldom speak the same language. Each should develop a better understanding of the principles and methods of the other''s profession. Bridging the gap between the two cultures is a challenge that this conference seeks to address.
Science and technology seek knowledge through an open-ended search for expanded understanding, whose truths are subject to revision. Law, too, conducts an open-ended search for expanded understanding; however, it demands definite findings of fact at given points in time. The meeting of these two disciplines in the courtroom magnifies the differences between the two cultures. Even the search of truth does not serve the same aims and may not be subject to the same constraints and requirements.
The Courts today deal with complex cases relating to highly sophisticated crimes where criminals take care to erase all evidence of their involvement. In such cases, modernized, scientific and highly sophisticated methods are required to trace the involvement of criminals. A report published in the New York Times (August 7, 2008) stated that with a new analytical technique, a fingerprint can reveal much more than the identity of a person. It can also identify what the person has been touching: drugs, explosives or poisons, for example. Such a laboratory technique can have a wider application in crime investigation. The chemical signature could also help crime investigators trace out one fingerprint out of the smudges of many overlapping prints if the person had been exposed to a specific chemical.
Then there are serious cases of medical negligence and related torts where rival parties seek to rely on expert evidence. Even in the field of environmental pollution involving toxic substances, there is serious difficulty in finding out the levels of danger, the extent of actual and latent damage to humans and environment, and there are uncertainties in accepting the technology installed by the polluter to conform to environmental standards. In some civil cases where handwriting, forgery, or paternity issues are involved there is extensive use of scientific techniques. The Courts are thus dependent and, in fact, compelled to analyse evidence of experts examined on each side. There is again the difficulty of evaluating the conflicting expert evidence adduced by the contesting parties in an adversarial judicial process. However, none can deny that expert witnesses retained by parties often are partisan. In such cases, the technique of "Hot Tubbing" must be embraced. The Australians discovered the technique of "Hot Tubbing" to improve expert evidence. In this procedure, also called concurrent evidence, parties still choose experts, but they testify together at trial-discussing the case, asking each other questions, responding to inquiries from the judge and the lawyers, finding common ground and sharpening the open issues. According to UCLA law professor Jennifer Mnookin, "'Hot Tubbing is much more interesting than neutral experts."
DEVELOPMENTS TILL DATE AND THE RECENT TREND
In this era of genomics, of crime prevention and of conviction the following questions need special attention:
Is the legal profession ready for this new information?
How would these techniques benefit the justice delivery system?
Is our society ready for the implications that genomics brings to every facet of our lives?
Is our society struggling with the ethical and social issues thrown up by the new biology such as human cloning, use of animals in biomedical research, etc.?
With the rapid progress in science, are laws in their present form really able to deliver justice efficiently or is some rethinking in the form of new laws or amendments to existing laws required?
Before any major changes can be effected, all stakeholders have to sit together and look for the answers to these unsolved problems. This contact which was missing in India became a reality when the first ever conference of this kind was held. This conference, who''s Chairman was the erstwhile President of India; Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam formed the basis of the ''Hyderabad Declaration on Impact of New Biology on Justice Delivery System''. These deliberations of law were co-organised by the Centre for DNA Fingerprinting and Diagnostics (CDFD) and NALSAR University of law. The deliberations brought together the Judges of the Supreme Court and the High Courts, representatives from various Commissions like the Law Commission and the Human Rights Commission, Directors of the National Law Schools and other legal luminaries, lawyers, scientists, doctors, bio-industrialists, NGO''s, police investigators, journalists and a couple of participants from abroad. Inter alia the meeting emphasized the following:
To establish a Human Genetics Commission to provide technical and strategic advice about the current and emerging issues in Human Genetics, and a consultative mechanism for development oh National Genetics Policy and guidelines in that area;
To establish an Ethics Committee to assess ethical, legal and social issues raised by research on human genome and use of DNA databases;
To statutorily define status of human embryo so that research on embryonic cells is done under statutory control and regulations;
To devise a mechanism to establish links with the International Community of Dispute for resolution of new issues in new biology;
To suitably amend the Patents law to strike a fair balance between public and private interests in case of patents that assert property rights over genetic material.
IMPACT OF SCIENCE ON INVESTIGATION
Science is a compelling and commanding weapon in the armoury of administration of justice. Forensic Science is a science pertaining to law. In particular, it works as the branch, which is used mainly in criminal investigation and findings of which can lead to arrests and convictions. Undoubtedly, scientific investigations generate evidence in favour of the victims and against the accused. Forensic Science helps in providing the identity of the culprit or the accused who willingly or unwillingly, in most of the cases, leaves the mark of his crime, thereby making the job of the investigator much easier in proving the culpability with the aid of Forensic Science.
Forensic Science provides scientific study for investigation of crime. The growth, development and use of Forensic Science in detection of crime in developed countries are tremendous and increasing with new techniques. The area of Forensic Science in India has not been properly looked into, as it ought to have been and more so when the average acquittal rate is alarmingly high. Therefore, in our country, also, the necessity and importance of Forensic Science hardly needs any emphasis. The lack of understanding and appreciation of the importance of specialists in general, by non-specialists, in all fields, cannot be denied. The field of Forensic Science is no exception. Many a time, neither the judge, nor the lawyer nor even the police appreciate fully, the advances or the extensive, promising potentialities of the science and the fusion of new technologies, methodologies, modalities and research. Multitask and multi-professional nature of Forensic Science needs an inter-professional approach, which is, many a time, lacking. Therefore, sincere and serious efforts are required to be made to eliminate personal and professional bias of the involved personnel and professionals.
Forensic Science in criminal investigation and trial is principally concerned with materials and circuitously through materials, with men, places and time. It embraces all branches of science and applies them to the purposes of law. The scientific examination by Forensic Scientists adjoins a missing link or strengthens a weak chain of investigation.
Systematic uses of Forensic Science provide significant assistance in answering the following questions:
(i) How was the crime committed?
(ii) When was the crime committed?
(iii) Who committed the crime?
Law-enforcement agencies refer to Forensic Experts to help solve mysterious situations concerning human life and thereby, provide help and useful contribution to the criminal courts in the journey for search of truth in criminal trials. Forensic Science deals with various aspects, including routine post-mortem to sophisticated tracking piece like DNA analysis.
Unfortunately, techniques and methodology with necessary materials used extensively in Western countries has not successfully clicked in India because of a variety of reasons, the major one being the investment of huge finance. This science is also, at times, useful in finding out the truth in some of the civil cases.
The prosecution mainly calls Forensic Scientists as expert witnesses. The practice of the defense producing Forensic Scientists or the courts consulting on their own listed experts is not very much in vogue. In fact, there is an acute need to bridge the communication gap that presently exists between lawyers, judges and Forensic Scientists. An independent analysis and evaluation of the scientist''s data and any subsequent testimony that may follow again depends on the judges'' familiarity and understanding of the principles of Forensic Science.
In Western countries DNA test and profile is widely employed. In a country like ours, the need of such a test and profile may, hardly, be emphasized. In many developed countries, DNA test, genetic testing techniques and "racmization" -- testing based on systematic examination of teeth and bite-marks has proved to be very useful. "Racmization" technique is currently used in Japan and Germany. It has potential to replace the traditional method that took into account the eruption and/or fusion and falling sequence of teeth. A fusion of such knowledge of Forensic Science and newly developed techniques will, undoubtedly, not only provide proper perspective and dimensions, but will also lead to detection of crime, and be a great help in search of the truth. It will be useful in the prevention and control of crimes and will provide required assistance to the parties to civil disputes, as well.
IMPACT OF SCIENCE ON THE JUSTICE DELIVERY SYSTEM
Common view is that the Indian justice administration system is slow. However, the major question is, is it the primary problem with Indian justice delivery system? The key issue is, is it is delivering justice at all in majority of cases? If a machine is faulty and makes bad products, then if one speeds up the machine, it will deliver more of those bad products. Therefore, if we speed up a malfunctioning Justice Administration System, it will simply toss up more of injustice. Is that the goal of any justice delivery system?
In the words of Justice Shayamal Kumar Sen, "The investigation process needs to be hastened; otherwise the criminal justice system will suffer".
Justice Sen urged that research and development should be initiated in a way that would ensure that crime at the grassroots level is detected immediately and an effective management system should be introduced.
According to M P Singh, vice-chancellor, West Bengal National University Of Juridical Science, new techniques should be introduced as it will help in crime detection and the infrastructure should be developed in a way that will not only give momentum to effective criminal delivery system but will also hasten the entire long drawn process of investigation.
IMPACT OF SCIENCE ON COURT AND COURT PROCESSES
Science is not new to the Indian courts. Towards the end of 1989, one low-end computer was installed in Supreme Court of India for caveat matching. Immediately thereafter, in 1990, Justice GC Bharuka, as a sitting Judge at the Patna High Court initiated the process of court computerization. On his transfer to Karnataka in 1994, he undertook to introduce ICT (Information and Communucation Tecnologies) in the entire judiciary of the state of Karnataka.
Presently all the courts upto the taluka level are computerized. All the judicial officers and court staff are trained. There is complete automation from filing of a case to grant of a certified copy. Digital production of under-trial prisoners by video-conferencing is made possible. Through website, causelists of the Supreme Court of India, High Courts, district courts and various Tribunals is made available online, a day before.
SCIENCE AND GREY AREAS OF LAWS
v SPACE LAWS
Simply put, Space law is a part of International jurisprudence related to outer space. It follows customary practice in defining outer space, the region 100 km beyond the earth''s surface.
With the advancement of science and technology, things that were once considered impossible are now increasingly becoming possible and even fashionable. No one, some six decades back would have thought of going to space, let alone marrying in space. Thanks to science, this has now become a reality. For $2.3 million, a person can cement bonds from 62 miles straight up. Japanese company First Advantage, along with former X-Prize contender Rocketplane Global, is teaming up to offer weddings in space.
According to a LiveScience article, Rocketplane Global "is developing the XP Spaceplane for private suborbital spaceflights. The four-seat spaceship is slated to be about the size of a fighter jet and designed to carry two jet engines and a rocket engine to reach space."
Besides shelling out $2.3 million, a person has to undergo four day''s worth of training for the one-hour ceremony. Training includes safety procedures, weightless maneuvering, and to explain to one''s family why they were not invited.
Not only this, Sapporo Breweries, the Japanese beer maker established in 1876, is brewing beer from barley descended from seeds that spent five months on the International Space Station ( ISS).
According to a CNN article, "The project is part of biological studies of the adaptability of plants to environmental changes and the impact from stresses such as space travel."
If successful, the study will bring the world one-step closer to growing crops in space. In addition, fortunately, right now, scientists cannot tell the difference between the ISS grains and homegrown barley.
However, in order for commercial space activities to grow, there must be an attractive legal environment. Unfortunately existing space law consists mostly of some inter-governmental treaties that are quite inappropriate for business.
Space is just another place where humans are going to live. In addition, because space is almost limitless humans are going to live there in vast numbers in the future. In other words, it will become a completely new habitat. Today most activities in space are government ones because getting to and from space is so expensive. Once travel from orbit is cheap enough, as on earth, individuals, private companies and organizations will carry on most activities in space. At that time space activities will involve almost every industry, be it catering and drinks, fashion and entertainment, or law.
An attractive legal environment is needed to enable operating companies to plan passenger services and place orders for the vehicles that they require, and for manufacturers to finalize vehicle design details and raise the investment that they need in order to put the vehicles into production.
Sovereignty over outer space is another debatable issue that needs to be resolved.
CYBER LAWS AND JURISDICTIONAL ISSUES
With the advent of internet, a whole new category of crime that includes fraud, theft of services and data, copyright infringement, destruction of data through computer sabotage (viruses) and acts causing inconvenience to agencies comprising sensitive, secret or confidential functions has come up. Chances of use of the web as a forum for publication of defamatory content has increased multifold and there is a need for a clear, coherent expression of the law in this area.
Hacking time theft (stealing someone else''s internet time) pornography, sending threatening e-mail, defamatory e-mail, hacking e-mail, e-mail bombs, etc. are the main areas of cyber crime.
The people who commit cyber crimes are mostly those who have white-collar jobs, unlike usual criminals. They can even be high school kids. The territory that a cyber crime can stretch across is immense. It can go over continents
The principles that govern the exercise of criminal jurisdiction are based on the assumption that "crime" is a territorial phenomenon. Cyber crime makes these principles problematic in varying ways and in varying degrees. Unlike real-world crime, it is not physically grounded; it increasingly tends not to occur in a single sovereign territory.
The perpetrator of a cyber crime may physically be in Country A, while his victim is in Country B, or his victims are in Countries B, C, and D and so on. The perpetrator may further complicate matters by routing his attack on the victim in Country B through computers in Countries F and G. The result of these and other cyber crime scenarios is that the cyber crime is not committed "in" the territory of a single sovereign state; instead, "pieces" of the cyber crime occur in territory claimed by several different sovereigns.
Cyber crime is a primary example of cross-border crime, and so, it raises the issue of jurisdiction. This is a tricky issue. Acts on the Internet that are legal in the state where they are initiated may be illegal in other states, even though the act is not particularly targeted at that state. Jurisdiction conflicts abound, both negative (no state claims jurisdiction) and positive (several states claim jurisdiction at the same time). Above all, it is unclear just what constitutes jurisdiction: is it the place of the act, the country of residence of the perpetrator, the location of the effect, or the nationality of the owner of the computer that is under attack? Or all of these at once? It turns out that countries think quite differently on this issue. The cyber crime statutes of numerous countries show varying and diverging jurisdiction clauses. Since internet allows transactions between persons of various jurisdictions, an international agreement (to be crystallized into a convention, later) is required for any regulation. However, in arriving at a uniform law, varying standards adopted by jurisdictions across the world and the point of balance adopted by them have to be kept in mind.
Jurisdiction is a highly debatable issue as to the maintainability of any suit that has been filed. Today with the growing arms of cyberspace the territorial boundaries seems to vanish thus the concept of territorial jurisdiction as envisaged under S.16 of C.P.C. and S.2.of the I.P.C. will have to give way to alternative method of dispute resolution.
In addressing the issues of what problems were posed by cyber-crime, Mr. Corell noted that the scope of international cooperation is limited by international agreements and by the national law of the State from which information has been requested. There are also differing priorities between developed and developing countries. These differences complicate international cooperation and expand the gap between the two groups.
There is no authoritative, comprehensive elaboration of the principle of universal jurisdiction concerning cyber-crime, he said. There are different views concerning the offences that constitute crimes under international law that are subject to universal jurisdiction. There are also different opinions with respect to the significance of the obligation to prosecute or extradite, as contained in various treaties, as evidence of universal jurisdiction. Whether States are not only permitted, but also required, to exercise jurisdiction with respect to crimes under international law, is also subject to different opinions.
CONCLUSION
The magnetism of science has always captivated members of the legal profession. People look up to science to rescue them from the experience of uncertainty and the discomfort of difficult legal decisions, and are constantly disappointed.
The notion of what constitutes science and what it would take to make law more scientific varies across time. What does not vary is our constant return to the well. We are constantly seduced into believing that some new science will provide an answer to laws dilemmas, and we are constantly disappointed.
In the words of Senior Advocate K.T.S. Tulsi -- "There is no doubt that [science] is going to overtake the law enforcement agencies by storm. No one will be able to avoid it. It is like standing on the shore and asking the waves of the sea not to come. What is required is a proper debate about the real value of [science] and whether it fits into the overall picture and what use could be made of it by the investigators."
REFERENCES
v BOOKS AND ARTICLES
A Convergence of Science and Law. A Summary Report of the First Meeting of the Science, Technology and Law Panel: National Research Council.
Science and law blog: August 8, 2008. Fingerprints'' Chemical "Footprints"?
Science and law blog: August 11, 2008. "Hot Tubbing": Old wine in New Bottles for Expert Witnesses.
The New York Times: August 7, 2008, Kenneth Chang.
Law, science and technology collaboration: Justice M. Jugannadha Rao-Chairman Law Commission of India.
Kolkata Newsline, Thursday, February 01, 2007.
A profile of forensic science in juristic journey: Justice Jitendra N. Bhatt.
Do space laws need to be modified? S Bhatt
Space weddings. I do. I really do. Carol Pinchefsky, 7 July 2008.
Tara Blake Garfinkel, Jurisdiction Over Communication Torts: Can You Be Pulled into Another Country's Court System for Making a Defamatory Statement Over the Internet? A Comparison of English and US Law, 9 Transnat'l Law 489, 492
Bryan P. Werley, Aussie Rules: Universal Jurisdiction over Internet Defamation, 18 Temp. Int'l & Comp. L.J. 199, 219
Para 1.16 of the British Law Commission Report on Defamation and the Internet, cited from (visited on 7th August, 2004
1996 US Dist LEXIS 8435 (SDNY 19 June, 1996), cited from R. Matthan: The Law Relating to Computers & the Internet, p. 2 (New Delhi: Butterworths, 2000). In this case, the defendant was an Italian, who had, using an Italian server, set up a website, under the name "Playmen". The court had earlier issued a permanent injunction against the defendant from using that name in any magazine sold, published or distributed in USA. The court accepted that it could not order the website to be shut down as that would amount to asserting that every court in the world had jurisdiction over all information providers on the internet
In info age, time for cyber savvy cops. Uma Karve. October 5, 2002.
Learning the law, Indian Express. Karina Sudarsan
Beware! Cyber Criminals are on the prowl, Navhind Times,March 17, 2002; by Shaikh Jamaluddin.
10 Myths of Electronic Security, Banking Frontiers September, 2002; Rohas Nagpal, Asian School of Cyber Laws.
I''ll be watching you! Times of India, December 19, 2002; Zahra Khan, Times News Network.
Approaches to Cybercrime Jurisdiction; Susan W. Brenner, University of Dayton - School of Law, Bert-Jaap Koops Tilburg University - Faculty of Law (TILT).
Challenge of borderless ''Cyber Crime'' to International Efforts to Combat Transnational Organized Crime Discussed at Symposium, 14 December, 2000.
Towards Speedy, Inexpensive, Transparent and Accountable Justice; Justice GC Bharuka, 4th November, 2007.
Playful bold color and simple graphic animals make this wonderful design the perfect choice for a kids party at the zoo or in the jungle of your own backyard!
Australia is one of the largest countries in world with more than 10,000 beaches and coastlands that stretch for nearly 50,000 miles. Boasting the world's largest barrier reef, visible from space, Australia is a premier destination for divers, boaters, and surfers around the world. The interior of Australia is equally beautiful and has an extensive and varied plant and animal life, making it an exciting destination for nature lovers and environmentalists.
The cultural of Australia is as varied and beautiful as its ecology. Over forty percent of Australia's population is of mixed cultural origin. There are over 225 languages spoken, including English. Australian culture, which is founded on notions of a ‘fair go', love of the outdoors and a great sense of humor, is simply contagious.
Australian cities rank among the worlds highest in terms of cultural offerings and quality of life. Positive development, quality of life, heath care, public education, political freedom, and economic prosperity are a normal part of Australian life. People who live in Australia, love it. People who visit Australia, want to stay.
With such a high standard of living and the variety of wildlife and cultural diversity, it is no wonder that Australia is home to many unique crafts and items that are purchased and distributed throughout the world. Who doesn't think of Australia when they see a kangaroo or a boomerang? The same applies to the booming fashion, art, movie, and sports industries. Australia has truly become the cultural center of the world. There is so much that is unique to Australia. The nation is booming!
Visitors and treasure hunters alike seek out Australian items as collectibles and gifts. From stuffed Koala bears, to platypus paintings, consumers are clamoring for everything Australian. Some of these items can only be found in Australia, but many businesses are offering items for sale on the Internet. Because of the strong Australian economy, the prices and quality of items from the land down under are great. Of course as always, beware of imitations and knock offs coming from foreign suppliers. The best Australian gifts and souvenirs will of course actually come from Australia.
So what is Australia all about? A multicultural mix of laid-back, family and friend oriented, outdoors loving people, with a spirit of individualism mixed with an acceptance of others seems to define Australia. If you get a chance to visit or live in the "down under", you may never want to leave.
About the Author
My name is Ray, from Australia. I love going out, business, meeting people on and off the internet, sports, and music. I also love developing and designing websites. I really love Australia, and currently own www.australiasouvenir.com, an Australian souvenir and gift shop which provides gifts and souvenirs to people all over the world.
Australian Animals Montage Giclee Print by . Product size approximately 18 x 24 inches. Available at Art.com. Embrace your Space - your source for high quality fine art posters and prints.
US $14.59
